Abstract: Mapping between the source words and the target words in a set of parallel sentences are a crucial part of Question Answering (QA) systems. If an accurate aligner is used in QA systems then the efficiency of these systems also gets increased. We purpose the aligner which despite using very less lexical resources gives very good results in terms of precision, recall and F1. Previous aligners either uses more lexical resources or uses very less lexical resources. Hence, we have used POS TAG and WordNet as lexical resources. But some words whose meaning we may not know but these occur in a similar distribution and by observing their distribution these words are similar. Consider two sentences ”Lambodar is the son of Parvati” and ”Ganesha is the son of Parvati”. Here we will not find the meaning of Lambodar and Ganesha in Wordnet but since they have similar distributions so they should be aligned. For these words, we used Distribution Similarity Feature in our word aligner. This distributional similarity helps our aligner in broader coverage of words. Previous aligners were having recall in the range of 75-86 but this aligner has recall in the range of 88.4-93.3. Similarly, Exact match of previous aligners was in the range of 21-35.3 but the proposed aligner’s exact match range is 46.1-58.6. Similarly F-measure and precision have also increased.

ABSTRACT Aims: To study the ultra structural changes in bladder musculature in cases of BPE and their clinical relevance. Material and Methods: In this descriptive longitudinal, controlled, observational study patients were enrolled into three groups, group 1, group 2A and group 2B. Control group (group-1) consisted of age matched normal male patients, who underwent surveillance or diagnostic cystoscopy for microscopic hematuria or irritative symptoms. Case group (group-2) comprised of patients with BPE, undergoing TURP. Case group (group-2) was further classified into: Category 2A (patients not on catheter) and category 2B (patients on catheter). All relevant clinical parameters like IPSS, prostate size, Qmax, PVR were recorded. Cystoscopy and bladder biopsy were performed in all patients. Various ultrastructural parameters like myocytes, fascicular pattern, interstitial tissue, nerve hypertrophy and cell junction pattern were analyzed under electron microscope and they were clinically correlated using appropriate statistical tests. Results: Control group had significant difference as compared to case group in terms of baseline parameters like IPSS, flow rate and prostate size, both preoperatively and postoperatively, except for PVR, which was seen only preoperatively. There was statistically significant difference in ultrastructural patterns between case and control group in all five electron microscopic patterns. However, no significant difference was found between the subcategories of case groups. Conclusions: BPE is responsible for ultra structural changes in detrusor muscle and these changes remain persistent even after TURP. Nerve hypertrophy, which was not thoroughly discussed in previous studies, is also one of the salient feature of this study.